Rapid adaptation to mammalian sociality via sexually selected traits

Table 2 Results from parentage analysis of offspring born during direct competition

Response variable	Source	DF	DFden	F	P
Litter size
	Sweep^*	4	92.4	0.64	0.64
	Maternal treatment	1	93	0.63	0.43
	Litter type (mixed or pure)	1	92	10.3	0.0019
	Maternal treatment × litter type	1	92.0	0.93	0.34
No. pups per mixed litter
	Sweep	4	12.7	0.36	0.83
	Maternal treatment	1	51.5	0.33	0.57
	Paternal treatment	1	51	0.87	0.35
	Maternal × paternal treatment	1	51	1.61	0.21
No. pups per pure litter
	Sweep	4	67.8	0.79	0.54
	Maternal treatment	1	70.1	0.16	0.69
	Paternal treatment	1	65.0	1.34	0.25
	Maternal × paternal treatment	1	54.3	0.95	0.34
Number of offspring by territory type
	PIT-tag reader session^#	2	27	0.76	0.48
	Territory type⁺	2	27	10.4	0.0005
	Paternal treatment	1	27	8.13	0.0083
	Territory type × paternal treatment	2	27	0.30	0.74

Shown are the effects of parental treatment (monogamy or promiscuous) on the size of all litters, mixed (multiple paternity) litters, and pure (single paternity) litters. Also shown are the effects of paternal treatment and social dominance on number of offspring. GLMM analysis of reproductive success with population as a random effect and all else as fixed effects.
⁺Territory type: Within-territory, extra-territory or undefended.
^*Offspring sweeps were conducted approximately every 35 days to remove and sacrifice pups for genetic analysis (thus preventing them from reaching sexual maturity) (n = 5).
^#Transceivers were regularly rotated through the 10 enclosures throughout the competition experiment.

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