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Table 1 Functional feeding systems and component traits of limnetic and benthic stickleback

From: Functional basis of ecological divergence in sympatric stickleback

Functional system

Landmarks (Figure 2)

W (rank-sum test)

Mean ± SE, Limnetic 1

Mean ± SE, Benthic 1

  Suction Index

1,2,3,4,5,6

523***

0.010 ± 0.001

0.017 ± 0.001

  Disp. adv., jaw opening

2,8,9

13***

5.96 ± 0.01

4.82 ± 0.01

  Opercular four-bar KT

8,9,10,11

98***

5.75 ± 0.13

5.15 ± 0.13

  Jaw protrusion

1,7

99***

1.76 ± 0.07 mm

1.48 ± 0.07 mm

Morphological component traits

Landmarks (Figure 2 )

W (rank-sum test)

Mean ± SE, Limnetic 1

Mean ± SE, Benthic 1

Suction Index:

  Gape

1,2

343

5.15 ± 0.13 mm

5.33 ± 0.13 mm

  Buccal length

1,6

204

15.05 ± 0.21 mm

14.66 ± 0.21 mm

  Neurocranium outlever

1,3

292

16.55 ± 0.20 mm

16.47 ± 0.20 mm

  Epaxial height

3,4

493***

1.95 ± 0.08 mm

2.35 ± 0.08 mm

  Epaxial width

3, 5

572***

5.46 ± 0.09 mm

6.38 ± 0.09 mm

Disp. adv., jaw opening:

    

  Jaw opening outlever

2,8

248

5.60 ± 0.11 mm

5.54 ± 0.11 mm

  Jaw opening inlever2

8,9

568***

0.94 ± 0.02 mm

1.15 ± 0.02 mm

Opercular four-bar:

  Coupler link

9,11

262

6.83 ± 0.10 mm

6.86 ± 0.10 mm

  Fixed link

8,10

231

9.56 ± 0.12 mm

9.44 ± 0.12 mm

  Input link

10,11

512 ***

5.27 ± 0.08 mm

5.71 ± 0.08 mm

  Output link2

8,9

568 ***

0.94 ± 0.02 mm

1.15 ± 0.02 mm

  1. 1Trait values calculated using linear regression of SL (set to 50 mm) and ecomorph.
  2. 2Jaw opening inlever = output link of the opercular four-bar.
  3. ***p < 0.001.