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Figure 5 | BMC Evolutionary Biology

Figure 5

From: Isolation with differentiation followed by expansion with admixture in the tunicate Pyura chilensis

Figure 5

Bayesian skyline plots and timeline with the estimated divergence and expansion times of two mitochondrial haplogroups of Pyura chilensis . A) Bayesian skyline plots representing historic changes in effective population size of mitochondrial HG1 and HG2; skylines’ y axis is the effective population size, N e μ; B) Timeline shows sea level variation with respect to modern times (black line) [30] and sea-surface temperature (dotted line) [31] of the last 500000 years. Yellow and light-blue bands in the lower part of the graph indicate interglacial and glacial periods, respectively, from Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 1 to 13. Red arrows indicate events associated to COI HG1 and green to COI HG2. Green and red areas represent confidence intervals for the estimated geographic expansion date. Haplogroup divergence started over 450000 years ago during a glaciated period (MIS12). First diverged HG2 and HG3, and later diverged COI HG1, in MIS8, also associated to a cold period. The more recent geographic expansions of the two derived COI haplogroups coincides with a sea level high-stand, during MIS5. Both haplogroups expanded in the vicinity of 100000 years ago.

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