Skip to main content

Table 1 Fossil calibration data

From: A multi-calibrated mitochondrial phylogeny of extant Bovidae (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia) and the importance of the fossil record to systematics

Calibrated node / branch

Age Ma

Age type

95% range

Fossil taxon

Fossil reference

Chronological reference

Stem Moschidae

23

Minimum

23.0–28.4 Ma

Dremotherium feignouxi

Janis and Scott [20]; Gentry et al. [21]

Gradstein et al. [22]

Crown Bovidae

18

Approximate

16–20 Ma

Eotragus noyei

Solounias et al. [23]

Solounias et al. [23]

Stem Cervidae

16.6

Minimum

16.6–28.4 Ma

Procervulus praelucidus Ligeromeryx praestans Acteocemas infans

Gentry et al. [21]

Agustí et al. [24]

Stem Bovini

10.2

Minimum

10.2-16 Ma

Selenoportax vexillarius

Pilgrim [25]; Bibi [26]; Bibi [27]

Barry et al. [28]; Badgley et al. [29]

Stem Caprini

8.9

Minimum

8.9-13.0 Ma

Aragoral mudejar

Alcalá and Morales [30]

Van Dam et al. [31]

Crown Bovini

8.8

Approximate

7-11 Ma

Selenoportax giganteus

Bibi [27]

Barry et al. [28]; Badgley et al. [29]

Stem Hippotragini

6.4

Minimum

6.4–13 Ma

Saheloryx tchadensis Saheloryx solidus Tchadotragus sudrei

Geraads et al. [32]

Lebatard et al. [33]

Crown Tragelaphini

5.72

Approximate

4.7–6.7 Ma

Tragelaphus moroitu Tragelaphus sp. cf. spekii

Thomas [34]; Haile-Selassie et al. [35]

WoldeGabriel et al. [36]; Deino et al. [37]

Crown Reduncini

5.1

Minimum

5.1-7 Ma

Redunca ambae

Haile-Selassie et al. [35]

Renne et al. [38]

Crown Alcelaphini

4.5

Minimum

4.5–7.0 Ma

Damalacra neanica

Gentry [39]; Vrba [40]

Hendey [41]

Crown Hippotragini

3.6

Minimum

3.6–6.5 Ma

Hippotragus sp. Oryx sp.

Vrba and Gatesy [42]; Gentry [43]

Deino [44]

Stem Tragelaphus euryceros

3.4

Minimum

3.4-4.5 Ma

Tragelaphus rastafari

Bibi [45]

WoldeGabriel et al. [46]

Stem Tragelaphus strepsiceros

3.4

Minimum

3.4–4.5 Ma

Tragelaphus lockwoodi

Reed and Bibi [47]

WoldeGabriel et al. [46]

Crown Kobus ellipsiprymnus + K. leche

2

Minimum

2.0–3.0 Ma

Kobus ellipsiprymnus

Gentry [48]

Feibel et al. [49]

Crown Connochaetes spp.

1.15

Minimum

1.15–2.15 Ma

Connochaetes taurinus

Gentry and Gentry [50]; Vrba [40]; Gentry [51]

Hay [52]; Deino [53]

Crown Alcelaphus buselaphus

0.6

Minimum

0.60–1.0 Ma

Alcelaphus buselaphus

Vrba [40]

Clark et al. [54]

  1. Basic information on the 16 fossil calibration points used in this study. Full details of each are given as Additional file 1.