Calibrated node / branch | Age Ma | Age type | 95% range | Fossil taxon | Fossil reference | Chronological reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stem Moschidae | 23 | Minimum | 23.0–28.4 Ma | Dremotherium feignouxi | Gradstein et al. [22] | |
Crown Bovidae | 18 | Approximate | 16–20 Ma | Eotragus noyei | Solounias et al. [23] | Solounias et al. [23] |
Stem Cervidae | 16.6 | Minimum | 16.6–28.4 Ma | Procervulus praelucidus Ligeromeryx praestans Acteocemas infans | Gentry et al. [21] | Agustà et al. [24] |
Stem Bovini | 10.2 | Minimum | 10.2-16Â Ma | Selenoportax vexillarius | ||
Stem Caprini | 8.9 | Minimum | 8.9-13.0 Ma | Aragoral mudejar | Alcalá and Morales [30] | Van Dam et al. [31] |
Crown Bovini | 8.8 | Approximate | 7-11Â Ma | Selenoportax giganteus | Bibi [27] | |
Stem Hippotragini | 6.4 | Minimum | 6.4–13 Ma | Saheloryx tchadensis Saheloryx solidus Tchadotragus sudrei | Geraads et al. [32] | Lebatard et al. [33] |
Crown Tragelaphini | 5.72 | Approximate | 4.7–6.7 Ma | Tragelaphus moroitu Tragelaphus sp. cf. spekii | ||
Crown Reduncini | 5.1 | Minimum | 5.1-7Â Ma | Redunca ambae | Haile-Selassie et al. [35] | Renne et al. [38] |
Crown Alcelaphini | 4.5 | Minimum | 4.5–7.0 Ma | Damalacra neanica | Hendey [41] | |
Crown Hippotragini | 3.6 | Minimum | 3.6–6.5 Ma | Hippotragus sp. Oryx sp. | Deino [44] | |
Stem Tragelaphus euryceros | 3.4 | Minimum | 3.4-4.5Â Ma | Tragelaphus rastafari | Bibi [45] | WoldeGabriel et al. [46] |
Stem Tragelaphus strepsiceros | 3.4 | Minimum | 3.4–4.5 Ma | Tragelaphus lockwoodi | Reed and Bibi [47] | WoldeGabriel et al. [46] |
Crown Kobus ellipsiprymnus + K. leche | 2 | Minimum | 2.0–3.0 Ma | Kobus ellipsiprymnus | Gentry [48] | Feibel et al. [49] |
Crown Connochaetes spp. | 1.15 | Minimum | 1.15–2.15 Ma | Connochaetes taurinus | ||
Crown Alcelaphus buselaphus | 0.6 | Minimum | 0.60–1.0 Ma | Alcelaphus buselaphus | Vrba [40] | Clark et al. [54] |