Sexual dimorphism dominates divergent host plant use in stick insect trophic morphology

Table 3 MANOVA testing the genetic and environmental basis of mandible shape in Timema cristinae (using LA and VPC reared under laboratory conditions)

Sources of variation	Wilk’s	F	df		P	Partial variance explained	Observed power
Sources of variation	Λ	F	H_o, Error		P	Partial variance explained	Observed power
						(%, η²)
Lingual
Sex	0.19	13.15	18	57	<0.001	80.6	1.00
Population (Popn)	0.25	9.30	18	57	<0.001	74.6	1.00
Host rearing condition (HRC)	0.54	2.65	18	57	0.003	45.6	0.99
Sex x Popn	0.65	1.68	18	57	0.072	-	0.87
Sex x HRC	0.82	0.70	18	57	0.794	-	0.42
Popn x HRC	0.49	3.26	18	57	<0.001	50.7	0.99
Occlusial
Sex	0.28	7.69	18	55	<0.001	71.6	1.00
Popn	0.36	5.49	18	55	<0.001	64.3	1.00
HRC	0.35	5.68	18	55	<0.001	65.0	1.00
Sex x Popn	0.78	0.85	18	55	0.682	-	0.36
Sex x HRC	0.84	0.60	18	55	0.855	-	0.52
Popn x HRC	0.44	3.83	18	55	<0.001	55.6	1.00

η²- values indicate the amount of variance attributable to tested factors;
F - approximation to F-ration derived from reported Wilk’s Λ and degrees of freedom.

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