Pre-invasion history and demography shape the genetic variation in the insecticide resistance-related acetylcholinesterase 2 gene in the invasive Colorado potato beetle

Table 2 Linkage disequilibrium, recombination estimators and neutrality tests for North American and European Colorado potato beetle populations

	Linkage disequilibrium and recombination					Neutrality tests
Population	n	% sign.	% Bonf.	R, per gene	Rm	D	D*	ZnS
	AChE2 (1037 bp)
Morelos	21	19.0	0.0	132.0	1	0.010	0.048	0.090
Oaxaca	21	19.0	9.5	18.7	1	0.361	0.674	0.209
Puebla	666	20.6	0.6	4.9	4	−0.177	0.057	0.211
Kansas	435	23.4	1.4	16.4	5	0.784	0.042	0.198
Colorado	703	8.3	0.0	7.2	7	−0.805	−0.408	0.144
Russia	91	70.3	53.9	1.6	2	2.232	0.778	0.575
Finland	66	83.3	37.9	2.5	2	2.560	1.461	0.593
Estonia	190	33.7	9.5	7.9	2	0.933	1.583	0.315
Poland	190	27.9	15.3	5.0	1	1.199	1.049	0.350
Italy	91	69.2	25.3	3.7	2	2.472	1.501	0.524*
	DP1 (931 bp, including a short 58 bp intron site)
Morelos	78	12.82	1.28	80.1	5	1.010	0.714	0.140
Oaxaca	91	18.68	3.30	27.6	2	0.226	−0.306	0.135
Puebla	231	14.72	4.33	16.8	2	0.146	−0.523	0.153
Kansas	300	12.67	2.00	10.9	3	0.357	0.206	0.214*
Colorado	561	4.63	1.07	4.8	1	−1.336	−2.144*	0.179
Russia	210	17.14	4.76	0.9	0	−0.231	−1.110	0.412
Finland	28	100.00	100.00	0.001	0	2.923	1.342	1.000
Estonia	66	33.33	0.00	7.2	0	1.139	0.856	0.436
Poland	66	34.85	33.33	4.9	0	1.728*	1.461	0.438*
Italy	210	55.24	4.76	1.5	0	0.785	1.592	0.432
	JHE-b (583 bp)
Morelos	66	12.1	1.5	54.4	4	0.700	1.460	0.139
Oaxaca	91	17.6	3.3	18.1	4	0.696	0.803	0.188
Kansas	171	0.0	0.0	0.001	0	1.357	1.692	1.000
Russia	105	35.2	0.0	6.6	4	1.147	0.913	0.317
Finland	21	23.8	4.8	14.1	2	1.637	0.817	0.360
Italy	15	40.0	0.0	0.6	1	1.108	1.346	0.668

Abbreviations: n, number of pairwise comparisons;% sign., percentage of significant pairwise comparisons;% Bonf., percentage of significant pairwise comparisons after Bonferroni correction; R, per gene, recombination parameter; Rm, minimum number of recombination events; D, Tajima’s neutrality value; D*, Fu and Li’s neutrality value; ZnS, Kelly’s neutrality value. Significant values in bold. *Significant when recombination was included to the coalescent simulations.

ISSN: 2730-7182