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Table 2 Estimates of branch length for sister clades of parasitic (P) and autotrophic (non-parasitic, NP) plants for chloroplast sequences

From: Parasitic plants have increased rates of molecular evolution across all three genomes

Comparison

Parasitic clade

Non-parasite

16S rRNA ( rrn16)

Protein-coding (all)

Comb.

dN

dS

dN/dS

P

NP

Sign

P

NP

Sign

Sign

P

NP

Sign

P

NP

Sign

P

NP

Sign

1

Apodanthaceae

Malvaceae

1.637

0.013

+

   

+

         

2

Cytinaceae

Thymelaeaceae

0.091

0.008

+

   

+

         

3

Rafflesiaceae

Passifloraceae/ Euphorbiaceae

0.150

0.091

+

   

+

         

4

Cynomoriaceae

Hamamelidacea/ Peridiscaceae

0.083

0.002

+

   

+

         

5

Krameriaceae

Zygophyllaceae

   

0.098

0.164

–

–

0.032

0.070

–

0.296

0.360

–

0.112

0.220

–

6

Mitrastemonaceae

Vaccinieae

0.196

0.940

–

   

–

         

7

Boraginaceae

Boraginaceae

   

0.076

0.019

+

+

0.040

0.017

+

0.133

0.040

+

0.297

0.423

–

8

Orobanchaceae

Plantaginaceae

0.027

0.001

+

0.561

0.366

+

+

0.413

0.206

+

0.960

0.743

+

0.409

0.268

+

9

Convolvulaceae

Convolvulaceae/ Ipomoeeae

0.014

0.001

+

0.724

0.052

+

+

0.115

0.027

+

1.938

0.151

+

0.047

0.102

–

10

Lauraceae

Lauraceae

   

0.344

0.122

+

+

0.235

0.116

+

0.526

0.137

+

0.320

0.721

–

11

Hydnoraceae

Aristolochiaceae

0.336

0.000

+

   

+

         

12

Santalaceae/ Olacaceae

Strombosiaceae

   

0.125

0.049

+

+

0.068

0.039

+

0.241

0.069

+

0.239

0.585

–

Wilcoxon rank sign test

Z = 1.47, p = 0.14

Z = 1.68, p = 0.09

 

Z = 1.47, p = 0.14

Z = 1.89, p = 0.06

Z = −1.26, p = 0.21

Signs test

  

p = 0.039

   
  1. For details of the species and sequences included in each comparisons see Additional file 3: Table S3. Protein-coding branch lengths were estimated for all substitutions (all), nonsynonymous (dN) and synonymous substitutions (dS): see methods for details. Sign indicates whether the parasite has the longer branch length (+) or not (−). The Wilcoxon ranked signs test takes into account the magnitude of differences in branch length as well as the sign. Because most comparisons had only 16S or the protein-coding genes, we combined the two (Comb.) to assess the pattern over all comparisons using a signs test: for this test we considered only the direction of the rate difference for each comparison, whether calculated from 16S or protein coding genes or both.