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Table 3 Estimated variance components, heritabilities (h2), common litter effects (c2), maternal heritabilities (m2) and permanent maternal effects (n2) for birth mass (Standard error)

From: Can number and size of offspring increase simultaneously? - a central life-history trade-off reconsidered

 

Univariate

Bivariate

 

Not adjusted for litter size

Adjusted for

litter size

(with litter size)

Vp

0.054 (0.001)

0.044 (0.001)

0.055 (0.001)

Va

0.004 (0.002)

0.005 (0.002)

0.005 (0.002)

Vm

0.005 (0.002)

0.005 (0.001)

0.004 (0.002)

Vc

0.024 (0.001)

0.014 (0.001)

0.025 (0.001)

Vn

0.004 (0.001)

0.004 (0.001)

0.004 (0.001)

h2

0.08 (0.03)

0.11 (0.03)

0.09 (0.03)

c2

0.45 (0.02)

0.32 (0.02)

0.44 (0.02)

m2

0.09 (0.03)

0.11 (0.03)

0.08 (0.03)

n2

0.08 (0.03)

0.08 (0.03)

0.08 (0.03)

  1. Vp = phenotypic variance; Va = additive genetic variance; Vc = common litter variance; Vm = maternal genetic variance; Vn = maternal permanent environmental variance