Figure 4

Proportions (from 0 to 100%; the lower and upper dotted lines mark the 5 and 95% respectively) of simulation replicates in which a difference between covariance matrices was found by the S1, S2, S3 (black, grey and white circles), RS (rhombs) and T method (squares) in comparisons involving matrices of samples taken from the same reference population (reference) or one from the reference population and another from a population resulting in matrices with altered orientation(orientation) or with altered shape (shape) or both (orientation + shape) in situations involving 2, 4 or 7 variables and sample sizes of 25, 50 or 100 individuals. The sign positions in each sample size were slightly displaced to improve clarity. The top of each graph shows the results of CPC-based comparisons of two samples taken at random from each of the two populations considered in that graph (E: equal, P: proportional, C: CPC result, meaning that all eigenvectors were common but the matrices were not proportional –i.e., same orientation but differences in shape- and U: unrelated matrices). Note: the CPC program considers the possibility that only a subset of eigenvectors are in common, but that result was never found in these simulations.