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Table 1 Hypothesized outcomes on cladogenic rates caused by major geological and climatic events documented in the region.

From: Different processes lead to similar patterns: a test of codivergence and the role of sea level and climate changes in shaping a southern temperate freshwater assemblage

Abiotic event

Time period

Predictions and expectations

Reference

Establishment of freshwater systems in Chile

~ 9.0 Ma

Origins and initial diversification

Basal nodes date to this period

[12, 21]

Dramatic increase in sea-levels

4.3 - 5.3 Ma

Increased cladogenic events

Significant shifts in cladogenic rates (Yule two rate or rate-variable birth-death)

[24]

Dramatic decrease in sea-levels

1.4 - 2.2 Ma

Decreased cladogenic events

Significant shifts in cladogenic rates (Yule two rate or rate-variable birth-death)

[24]

Late Pleistocene climate oscillations

(Driver of speciation)

1.0 - 0.1 Ma

Increase in cladogenic events

Majority of cladogenic events date to this period

&

Significant shifts in cladogenic rates (Yule two rate or rate-variable birth-death)

[25, 26]

Late Pleistocene climate oscillations

(Increased extinction)

1.0 - 0.1 Ma

Decline in cladogenic rates

Few cladogenic events date to this period

&

Decline in cladogenic rates (density dependent model [logistic or exponential] of diversification)

[25–27, 53]

No impact

Throughout

No change in cladogenic rates

Constant cladogenesis models: yule pure-birth or pure-birth

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