Inbreeding depression in red deer calves

Table 3 Minimal generalised linear mixed effects model for first year and first winter survival.

	First year survival (N = 1593calves, 463 mothers)			First winter survival (N = 1400 calves, 443 mothers)
Random effects	Variance ± SE	p		Variance ± SE	p
Mother ID	0.395 ± 0.126	<0.001		0.598 ± 0.184	<0.001
Year of Birth (YOB)	0.705 ± 0.232	0.001		1.37 ± 0.44	<0.001
YOB*Offspring F	0 ^B			0 ^B
YOB*Mother's F	354 ± 331	0.142		122 ± 350	0.364
Residual	1^fixed			1^fixed
Fixed effects	Estimate ± SE	Wald χ ² _df	p	Estimate ± SE	Wald χ ² _df	p
Mother's age	-0.0351 ± 0.0190	3.43 ₁	0.064	-0.0898 ± 0.0284	9.99₁	0.002
Mother's age²	0.00540 ± 0.00665	0.66 ₁	0.42	-0.00391 ± 0.00787	0.25 ₁	0.619
Mother's status^a TY	0.280	8.54 ₄	0.074	-0.301	10.5₄	0.033
N	0.468			-0.512
SY	-0.196			-0.0632
WY	-0.580			-0.780
Birth weight	0.580 ± 0.057	105₁	<0.001	0.648 ± 0.074	76.5₁	<0.001
Birth date	-0.0305 ± 0.0051	36.6₁	<0.001	-0.0357 ± 0.0065	30.1₁	<0.001
Population size	-0.0189 ± 0.0091	4.28₁	0.039	-0.0257 ± 0.0126	4.14₁	0.042
Sex^b	-0.528 ± 0.125	17.7₁	<0.001	-0.741 ± 0.153	23.4₁	<0.001
Environmental variable	-0.0044 ± 0.0020^c	4.5₁	0.034	-0.0069 ± 0.0029^c	5.59₁	0.018
Offspring F	-9.74 ± 2.29	11.3₁	<0.001	-15.2 ± 3.3	19.6₁	<0.001
Mother's F	0.509 ± 5.46	0.01 ₁	0.926	4.07 ± 6.81	0.36 ₁	0.550

^aReference for mother's status is milk (M) hinds. ^bReference level for sex is females. ^cWinter rainfall. ^fixedResidual variance is fixed at zero because it is not estimable for binary data. ^BBound at zero. Final models were achieved by sequentially dropping the least significant terms based on Wald statistics until only significant terms remained. Text in italics indicates non-significant parameters and their associated estimates and significance at removal (see methods for details). N = sample sizes for minimal models.

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