Table 1 Taxonomic designation, sample size, geographic origin, and colony abbreviation of gull populations used in this study
taxon | n | geographic origin | abbreviation | geographic coordinates | collected by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
argentatus | 10 | Russia, White Sea | WSA | 67°09'N,32°23'E | I. Charitonova, A. Filchagov |
|  | 6 | Norway, Tromso | NNO | 69°40'N,19°00'E | R. R. Snell |
|  | 6 | Finland, Lake-Saimaa | FIN | 61°16'N,28°15'E | R. Juvatse |
|  | 6 | Estonia, Matsalu | EST | 58°46'N,23°44'E | R. Juvaste |
|  | 2 | Poland, Wloclawek | POL | 52°39'N,19°05'E | M. Zielinski |
|  | 4 | Germany, Hiddensee | MVP | 54°20'N,13°10'E | R. Barth, A. J. Helbig |
|  | 4 | Denmark, Lindholm | DEN | 55°43'N,11°43'E | K. T. Pederson |
|  | 4 | Sweden, NW Skane | SSW | 56°27'N,12°34'E | K. Bengtson |
|  | 6 | Norway, Vest-Agder | SNO | 58°10'N,06°40'E | T. O. Hansen |
argenteus | 18 | Iceland, Skruder | ICE | 65°00'N,13°20'W | R. R. Snell |
|  | 10 | Iceland, Karlsskali | ICW | 65°00'N,13°20'W | R. R. Snell |
|  | 4 | Denmark, Faroe Islands | FAR | 62°20'N,07°20'W | R. R. Snell |
|  | 6 | England, Isle of May | ENG | 56°11'N,02°33'W | B. H. Bailey, M.Harris |
|  | 8 | France, Finistere | FRA | 48°40'N,03°20'W | R. R. Snell |
|  | 11 | Netherlands, Maasvlakte | NET | 51°56'N,04°28'E | F. Cottaar, N v. Swelm |
|  | 4 | Germany, Helgoland | HGL | 54°11'N,07°54'E | N. Robert |
hyperboreus | 8 | Russia, Novaja Semlja | NOS | 73°15'N,56°01'E | A. J. Helbig |
Eurasia | 10 | Svalbard, Longyearbyen | SVA | 78°13'N,15°20'E | R. R. Snell |
|  | 5 | Denmark, Faroe Islands | FAR | 61°35'N,05°00'W | J. K. Jensen |
|  | 9 | Iceland, Bjarnhafnarfjall | ICB | 65°00'N,23°00'W | R. R. Snell |
hyperboreus | 17 | Canada, NWT, Baffin Island | BAF | 69°00'N,68°00'W | R. R. Snell |
N. Am. | 7 | USA, Alaska, Yukon | ALY | 62°25'N,165°31'W | A. J. Baker |
|  | 9 | USA, NW Alaska | ALA | 71°11'N,163°51'W | J. A. Gerwin |
|  | 2 | USA, Washington | WAS | 47°20'N,120°05'W | R. Chandler, S. Rohwer |
marinus | 11 | Denmark, Katholm, Jylland | KAT | 55°43'N,11°43'E | E. Fritze, K. T. Pedersen |
Europe | 2 | Netherlands, Maasvlakte | NET | 51°56'N,04°28'E | F. Cottaar, N v. Swelm |
|  | 2 | France, Finistere | FRA | 48°40'N,03°20'W | R. R. Snell |
|  | 15 | Denmark, Faroe Islands | FAR | 61°35'N,05°00'W | J. K. Jensen |
|  | 2 | Iceland, Skruder | ICE | 65°00'N,13°20'W | R. R. Snell |
marinus | 3 | Canada, Newfoundland | NFL | 47°18'N,52°48'W | A. J. Baker |
N. Am. | 11 | Canada, Bay of Fundy | FUN | 45°12'N,86°09'W | C. Pekarik |
|  | 18 | Canada, Lake Ontario | ONT | 43°53'N,76°23'W | C. Pekarik |
atlantis | 3 | Portugal, Berlenga Islands |  | 39°24'N,09°30'W | M.v. Leeuwen, L. Moreis |
|  | 5 | Morocco, Essaouria |  | 31°29'N,09°45'W | M.v. Leeuwen, N. v. Swelm |
|  | 5 | Portugal, Island of Madeira |  | 32°52'N,17°10'W | M.v. Leeuwen, N. v. Swelm |
michahellis | 5 | Spain, Gibraltar |  | 36°08'N,05°21'W | M.v. Leeuwen, N. v. Swelm |
|  | 2 | France, Alsace |  | 48°10'N,08°00'W | M. Boschert |
|  | 4 | Italy, Capraia Island |  | 43°03'N,09°48'W | N. Baccetti |
|  | 2 | Malta, Filfla Island |  | 35°57'N,14°26'W | J. Sultana, C. Gauci |
|  | 5 | Greece, Island of Crete |  | 35°10'N,25°50'W | A. J. Helbig |
cachinnans | 6 | Rumania, Danube Delta |  | 44°30'N,28°30'E | R. Klein, A. Buchheim |
|  | 4 | Ukraine, Odessa |  | 46°20'N,32°30'E | A. Rudenko, N. v. Swelm |
|  | 7 | Ukraine, Azov' Black Sea |  | 44°30'N,28°30'E | V. Dierschke, D. Liebers |
|  | 16 | Russia, N Caspian Sea |  | 45°00'N,48°20'E | T. Tennhardt, D. Liebers |
fuscus | 17 | Finland, Lake Saimaa |  | 61°16'N,28°15'E | R. Juvaste |
graellsii | 4 | Denmark, Faroe Islands |  | 61°35'N,05°00'W | E. Fritze |
|  | 8 | Iceland |  | 64°09'N,21°57'W | A. Sigfusson |
smithsonianus | 6 | Canada, Lake Ontario | ONT | 45°20'N,80°02'W | D. Liebers |
|  | 15 | Canada, New Brunsewick | NBR | 47°51'N,64°33'W | R. R. Snell |
|  | 9 | Canada, Prince Edward Island | PEI | 46°10'N,63°30'W | R. R. Snell |
|  | 5 | USA, Alaska, Fairbanks | ALF | 64°50'N,147°10'W | R. R. Snell |