The Potential for pathogenicity was present in the ancestor of the Ascomycete subphylum Pezizomycotina

Table 2 Overview of single gene insertional mutants in Ascomycete species

Species	description	Gene ID	Phenotype
M. grisea	RNA-dependent DNA replication	MG_12656	reduced virulence; conidiation defective
		MG_11671	reduced virulence; conidiation defective
		MG_13052	reduced virulence; conidiation defective
	Ribonuclease H	MG_13072	reduced virulence; appressorium formation defective
		MG_10039	appressorium formation defective
	Polyketide biosynthetic process	MG_12447	effector (avirulence determinant)
	Transmembrane transporters	MG_13624	Reduced virulence
		MG_00447	Unaffected pathogenicity
F. graminearum	Polyketide biosynthetic process	FG_12126	Unaffected pathogenicity
		FG_08208	Unaffected pathogenicity
		FG_10548	Unaffected pathogenicity
		FG_10464	Unaffected pathogenicity
		FG_01790	Unaffected pathogenicity
		FG_08795	Unaffected pathogenicity
		FG_04694	Unaffected pathogenicity
M. graminicola	Involved in transmembrane transport	MYG_80109	Reduced virulence

Experimental data was collected from two sources: (1) Pathogen-Host Interaction database (PHI-base) [40] and (2) the work of Jeon et al. [41]. Phenotype: based on mutant deviations in conidiation and appressorium formation compared to untransformed control. Effector: gene product or signaling molecule resulting from its enzymatic activity that triggers defensive mechanisms in the plant host. Hence, effectors are usually known as avirulence determinants.

ISSN: 2730-7182