Figure 4

Intra- and intergroup mandible shape variation between the B10 control and mdx mice (F: females; M: males), and B6 bred on food of different consistencies (H: hard, S: soft). (a) First principal plane of a PCA on the FCs of the mandible outline, including B10 control and mdx mice, and B6 mice fed on hard and soft diets. Each dot corresponds to a specimen; ellipses represent the 95% confidence interval around group mean. (b) Reconstructed outlines visualizing shape changes involved in some inter-group differences. From left to right: Dystro_F: change from B10 (full line) to mdx (dotted line, colored surface) in females; Dystro_M: change from B10 (full line) to mdx (dotted line, colored surface) in males; B10_ F-M: sexual dimorphism in B10 mice, from B10 females (full line) to B10 males (dotted line, colored surface); HF-SF: response to food consistency, from B6 on a hard diet (full line) to B6 on a soft diet (dotted line, colored surface). In all cases, the reference was the first group, and the change towards the second group was represented magnified three times. To the right: visualization of the direction of greatest phenotypic variation in the best sampled group (mdx females). The two outlines correspond to the average outline of the group ± three times V1. direction and length of V1 are arbitrary regarding the amount of change between groups. Outlines were reconstructed using an inverse Fourier transform, using EFT7 in order to provide accurate reconstructions; changes along V1 were estimated based on the coefficients of RFT7 and projected onto coefficients of the EFT7 using a multivariate regression.